Adaptive pattern matching

Pattern matching is an important operation used in many applications such as functional programming, rewriting and rule-based expert systems. By preprocessing the patterns into a DFA-like automaton, we can rapidly select the matching pattern(s) in a single scan of the relevant portions of the input term. This automaton is typically based on left-to-right traversal (of the patterns) or its variants. By adapting the traversal order to suit the set of input patterns, it is possible to considerably reduce the space and matching time requirements of the automaton. The design of such adaptive automata is the focus of this paper. In this context we study several important problems that have remained open even for automata based on left-to-right traversals. Such problems include upper and lower bounds on space complexity, construction of optimal dug automata and impact of typing in pattern matching. An interesting consequence of our results is that lazy pattern matching in typed systems (such as ML) is computationaily hard whereas it can be done efficiently in untyped systems.