Additive manufacturing and 3D printing of metallic biomaterials

The advancements of 3D printing technology have been combined with the use of metallic biomaterials to create devices and products for the biomedical field. 3D printing has been a revolutionary process that makes the fabrication of metallic biomedical devices highly specific and simultaneously easier than other fabrication methods. The purpose and overall function of each medical device created is dependent on the type of metal used along with its fabrication method. In this review paper, the major characteristics of metallic biomaterials, including iron, magnesium, zinc, titanium, cobalt, and stainless steel, will be discussed. Major considerations of these metallic biomaterials include degradation rate, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties will be addressed. Importantly, various additive manufacturing processes will be described. Depending on the 3D printing method and the use of specific alloys, these properties can be altered to optimize their functionality for purposes such as bone implants, stents, and other devices.