Are genetically modified and genome-edited crops viable strategies for climate-change adaptation among smallholder farmers?

Genetic modification and genome editing are laboratory techniques that allow plant breeders to alter an organism's DNA with the aim of enhancing the expression of beneficial traits. Both have been touted as pro-poor breeding technologies that can help smallholder farmers in low-income countries adapt to climate change. This review assesses the evidence showcasing both the benefits and shortcomings of utilizing these biotechnological interventions to help smallholder farmers cope with climate shocks and makes recommendations regarding the role breeding technologies can play in enhancing the resilience of smallholder farming systems.