Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli Siderophore Enterobactin: Sequence of the entF Gene, Expression and Purification of EntF, and Analysis of Covalent Phosphopantetheine

The sequence of the entF gene which codes for the serine activating enzyme in enterobactin biosynthesis is reported. The gene encodes a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 142006 and shares homologies with the small subunits of gramicidin S synthetase and tyrocidine synthetase. We have subcloned and overexpressed entF in a multicopy plasmid and attempted to demonstrate l-serine-dependent ATP-[³²P]PP_i exchange activity and its participation in enterobactin biosynthesis, but the overexpressed enzyme appears to be essentially inactive in crude extract. A partial purification of active EntF from wild-type Escherichia coli, however, has confirmed the expected activities of EntF. In a search for possible causes for the low level of activity of the overexpressed enzyme, we have discovered that EntF contains a covalently bound phosphopantetheine cofactor.