Boundary-Informed Method of Lines for Physics-Informed Neural Networks

We propose a hybrid solver that fuses the dimensionality-reduction strengths of the Method of Lines (MOL) with the flexibility of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). Instead of approximating spatial derivatives with fixed finite-difference stencils—whose truncation errors force extremely fine meshes—our method trains a neural network to represent the initial spatial profile and then employs automatic differentiation to obtain spectrally accurate gradients at arbitrary nodes. These high-fidelity derivatives define the right-hand side of the MOL-generated ordinary-differential system, and time integration is replaced with a secondary temporal PINN while spatial accuracy is retained without mesh refinement. The resulting “boundary-informed MOL-PINN” matches or surpasses conventional MOL in accuracy using an order of magnitude fewer collocation points, thereby shrinking memory footprints, lessening dependence on large data sets, and increasing complexity robustness. Because it relies only on automatic differentiation and standard optimizers, the framework extends naturally to linear and nonlinear PDEs in any spatial dimension.