Calcium phosphate coatings enhance biocompatibility and degradation resistance of magnesium alloy: Correlating in vitro and in vivo studies

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising biodegradable materials for orthopedic applications. However, one of the major problems is their rapid degradation rate with quick evolution of hydrogen gas. To overcome this problem, calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been used to improve the degradation resistance and the biocompatibility of Mg materials. This study focuses on the comparison and correlation of the in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility behaviors of these materials. A CaP coating consisting of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) was deposited on an AZ60 Mg alloy by the chemical conversion method. Then, the in vitro degradation testing including electrochemical and immersion tests, and in vivo implantation of the CaP coated Mg alloy were conducted to compare the degradation behaviors. Next, the in vitro cell behavior and in vivo bone tissue response were also compared on both uncoated and CaP-coated Mg samples. Data showed that the CaP coating provided the Mg alloy with significantly better biodegradation behavior and biocompatibility. The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests exhibited good consistency while not the case for biodegradation. Results showed that the in vitro electrochemical test could be a quick screening tool for the biodegradation rate, while the in vitro immersion degradation rate was often 2–4 folds faster than the in vivo degradation rate.