Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid levels are associated with delayed memory retention in cognitively normal biomarker-negative older adults

Alzheimer's disease is defined by abnormal levels of amyloid and tau biomarkers. Even cognitively normal older adults with clinically relevant amyloid and tau levels perform worse on memory tests. However, it is unclear if the relationship between biomarker level and memory extends below clinical thresholds. We hypothesized that even subclinical biomarker levels are associated with memory when measured with neuropsychological tests designed to detect dysfunction in preclinical disease states. In a group of cognitively normal, “biomarker-negative” older men and women, we investigated the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels and memory measured with the ModRey, a list-learning task designed to assess memory in preclinical and cognitively normal adults. Cerebrospinal amyloid levels were associated with ModRey memory retention, the proportion of information retained after a delay period. When older adults with mild impairment were included, cerebrospinal fluid tau levels were also associated with ModRey retention. The association of amyloid and tau levels with memory was independent of each other. These results suggest cognitive changes associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology might occur earlier than currently thought.