Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia: An unusual presentation of nonimmune hydrops in a preterm infant

Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (CPL) is a rare developmental disorder of the lung. CPL can present antenatally as nonimmune hydrops with pleural effusions, which are frequently associated with polyhydraminos. CPL presents in the neonatal period with severe respiratory distress and can be complicated by chylothorax. Diagnosis is difficult, as radiographic findings are nonspecific. Lung biopsy is indicated in some severe cases to diagnose CPL. The majority of infants with this condition rarely survive the neonatal period and are often diagnosed at autopsy. The final diagnosis is confirmed histologically by lung biopsy or at postmortem. We report a rare case of CPL in a preterm female infant presenting with severe nonimmune Hydrops fetalis who survived the neonatal period, and report clinical follow-up to early childhood.