Deformation-induced phase transition and superstructure formation in poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Deformation-induced phase transitions and superstructure formation in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were studied by means of in-situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) as well as Raman spectroscopy. The deformation conditions involved uniaxial stretching of quenched PET films at a temperature just below its glass transition temperature (T _g), where a notable "plastic deformation" stage was observed. WAXD results indicated that the initial sample contained a "slush" structure (amorphous + nematic), whereby deformation induced oriented amorphous, nematic, smectic (C and quasi-A), and stable triclinic crystalline phases. SAXS results indicated that the fibrillar superstructure was formed upon the formation of oriented slush. In-situ Raman spectroscopic data revealed the orientation information on ethylene glycol and benzene ring as well as the gauche-trans transition in deformation of PET chains, which are in good agreement with X-ray results. A mechanism for deformation-induced phase transitions and for hierarchical structure formation has been proposed to correlate the structural information with the mechanical properties.