Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

S. Lee; R. Corliss; I. Friščić; R. Alarcon; S. Aulenbacher; J. Balewski; S. Benson; J. C. Bernauer; J. Bessuille; J. Boyce; J. Coleman; D. Douglas; C. S. Epstein; P. Fisher; S. Frierson; M. Garçon; J. Grames; D. Hasell; C. Hernandez-Garcia; E. Ihloff; R. Johnston; K. Jordan; R. Kazimi; J. Kelsey; M. Kohl; A. Liyanage; M. McCaughan; R. G. Milner; P. Moran; J. Nazeer; D. Palumbo; M. Poelker; G. Randall; S. G. Steadman; C. Tennant; C. Tschalär; C. Vidal; C. Vogel; Y. Wang; S. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

S. Lee
, R. Corliss
, I. Friščić
, R. Alarcon
, S. Aulenbacher
, J. Balewski
, S. Benson
, J. C. Bernauer
, J. Bessuille
, J. Boyce
, J. Coleman
, D. Douglas
, C. S. Epstein
, P. Fisher
, S. Frierson
, M. Garçon
, J. Grames
, D. Hasell
, C. Hernandez-Garcia
, E. Ihloff

R. Johnston, K. Jordan, R. Kazimi, J. Kelsey, M. Kohl, A. Liyanage, M. McCaughan, R. G. Milner, P. Moran, J. Nazeer, D. Palumbo, M. Poelker, G. Randall, S. G. Steadman, C. Tennant, C. Tschalär, C. Vidal, C. Vogel, Y. Wang, S. Zhang

Physics and Astronomy

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Arizona State University
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Université Paris-Saclay
Hampton University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

3 Scopus citations

Abstract

A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 10¹⁹ cm⁻² is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	46-54
Number of pages	9
Journal	Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
Volume	939
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071
State	Published - Sep 21 2019

Keywords

COMSOL
Dark photon
DarkLight
Windowless gas target

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10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

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Lee, S., Corliss, R., Friščić, I., Alarcon, R., Aulenbacher, S., Balewski, J., Benson, S., Bernauer, J. C., Bessuille, J., Boyce, J., Coleman, J., Douglas, D., Epstein, C. S., Fisher, P., Frierson, S., Garçon, M., Grames, J., Hasell, D., Hernandez-Garcia, C., ... Zhang, S. (2019). Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, 939, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

@article{afd03c17d2504c7192fdeff2e26955c1,

title = "Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam",

abstract = "A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 1019 cm−2 is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.",

keywords = "COMSOL, Dark photon, DarkLight, Windowless gas target",

author = "S. Lee and R. Corliss and I. Fri{\v s}{\v c}i{\'c} and R. Alarcon and S. Aulenbacher and J. Balewski and S. Benson and Bernauer, \{J. C.\} and J. Bessuille and J. Boyce and J. Coleman and D. Douglas and Epstein, \{C. S.\} and P. Fisher and S. Frierson and M. Gar{\c c}on and J. Grames and D. Hasell and C. Hernandez-Garcia and E. Ihloff and R. Johnston and K. Jordan and R. Kazimi and J. Kelsey and M. Kohl and A. Liyanage and M. McCaughan and Milner, \{R. G.\} and P. Moran and J. Nazeer and D. Palumbo and M. Poelker and G. Randall and Steadman, \{S. G.\} and C. Tennant and C. Tschal{\"a}r and C. Vidal and C. Vogel and Y. Wang and S. Zhang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2019",

month = sep,

day = "21",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071",

language = "English",

volume = "939",

pages = "46--54",

journal = "Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A",

issn = "0168-9002",

}

Lee, S, Corliss, R, Friščić, I, Alarcon, R, Aulenbacher, S, Balewski, J, Benson, S, Bernauer, JC, Bessuille, J, Boyce, J, Coleman, J, Douglas, D, Epstein, CS, Fisher, P, Frierson, S, Garçon, M, Grames, J, Hasell, D, Hernandez-Garcia, C, Ihloff, E, Johnston, R, Jordan, K, Kazimi, R, Kelsey, J, Kohl, M, Liyanage, A, McCaughan, M, Milner, RG, Moran, P, Nazeer, J, Palumbo, D, Poelker, M, Randall, G, Steadman, SG, Tennant, C, Tschalär, C, Vidal, C, Vogel, C, Wang, Y & Zhang, S 2019, 'Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam', Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, vol. 939, pp. 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

TY - JOUR

T1 - Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

AU - Lee, S.

AU - Corliss, R.

AU - Friščić, I.

AU - Alarcon, R.

AU - Aulenbacher, S.

AU - Balewski, J.

AU - Benson, S.

AU - Bernauer, J. C.

AU - Bessuille, J.

AU - Boyce, J.

AU - Coleman, J.

AU - Douglas, D.

AU - Epstein, C. S.

AU - Fisher, P.

AU - Frierson, S.

AU - Garçon, M.

AU - Grames, J.

AU - Hasell, D.

AU - Hernandez-Garcia, C.

AU - Ihloff, E.

AU - Johnston, R.

AU - Jordan, K.

AU - Kazimi, R.

AU - Kelsey, J.

AU - Kohl, M.

AU - Liyanage, A.

AU - McCaughan, M.

AU - Milner, R. G.

AU - Moran, P.

AU - Nazeer, J.

AU - Palumbo, D.

AU - Poelker, M.

AU - Randall, G.

AU - Steadman, S. G.

AU - Tennant, C.

AU - Tschalär, C.

AU - Vidal, C.

AU - Vogel, C.

AU - Wang, Y.

AU - Zhang, S.

PY - 2019/9/21

Y1 - 2019/9/21

N2 - A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 1019 cm−2 is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.

AB - A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness 1019 cm−2 is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.

KW - COMSOL

KW - Dark photon

KW - DarkLight

KW - Windowless gas target

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85066825047

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.071

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85066825047

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 939

SP - 46

EP - 54

JO - Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

JF - Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

ER -

Design and operation of a windowless gas target internal to a solenoidal magnet for use with a megawatt electron beam

Abstract

Keywords

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