Detailed investigations of PMTs in optical sensors for neutrino telescopes such as IceCube Upgrade

The IceCube Collaboration

Detailed investigations of PMTs in optical sensors for neutrino telescopes such as IceCube Upgrade

The IceCube Collaboration

Physics and Astronomy

Loyola University Chicago
University of Münster
German Electron Synchrotron
University of Canterbury
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
Université libre de Bruxelles
University of Copenhagen
TU Dortmund University
University of Delaware
Marquette University
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Harvard University
University of Utah
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
University of California at Irvine
University of California at Berkeley
Ohio State University
Ruhr University Bochum
Chalmers University of Technology
Uppsala University
Technical University of Munich
RWTH Aachen University
University of Rochester
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Padua
University of Kansas
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Adelaide
Drexel University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Conference article › peer-review

Abstract

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a central component of neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and KM3NeT, and an accurate understanding and measurement of their properties is indispensable for improvements of these experiments. In this contribution we focus on a detailed investigation of the photocathode and the dynode system and their influence on the performance of the PMT. Three methods are used for the investigation. Ellipsometry measurements of the photocathode analyze its optical properties in terms of absorption probability and refractive index. Scans of the photocathode in single photon illumination probe performance differences along the photocathode surface. Systematic deviations in the resulting amplifications are compared to electric field and electron tracing simulations through the dynode system to understand the measured values. The goal is an extensive understanding of efficiency, amplification, and timing as functions of wavelength and impact point as well as angle.

Original language	English
Article number	984
Journal	Proceedings of Science
Volume	444
State	Published - Sep 27 2024
Event	38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023 - Nagoya, Japan Duration: Jul 26 2023 → Aug 3 2023

Cite this

@article{edc9c09ca0f04ae58fa87467469da378,

title = "Detailed investigations of PMTs in optical sensors for neutrino telescopes such as IceCube Upgrade",

abstract = "Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a central component of neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and KM3NeT, and an accurate understanding and measurement of their properties is indispensable for improvements of these experiments. In this contribution we focus on a detailed investigation of the photocathode and the dynode system and their influence on the performance of the PMT. Three methods are used for the investigation. Ellipsometry measurements of the photocathode analyze its optical properties in terms of absorption probability and refractive index. Scans of the photocathode in single photon illumination probe performance differences along the photocathode surface. Systematic deviations in the resulting amplifications are compared to electric field and electron tracing simulations through the dynode system to understand the measured values. The goal is an extensive understanding of efficiency, amplification, and timing as functions of wavelength and impact point as well as angle.",

author = "\{The IceCube Collaboration\} and R. Abbasi and W. Achtermann and M. Ackermann and J. Adams and Agarwalla, \{S. K.\} and Aguilar, \{J. A.\} and M. Ahlers and Alameddine, \{J. M.\} and Amin, \{N. M.\} and K. Andeen and G. Anton and C. Arg{\"u}elles and Y. Ashida and S. Athanasiadou and Axani, \{S. N.\} and X. Bai and Balagopal, \{A. V.\} and M. Baricevic and Barwick, \{S. W.\} and V. Basu and R. Bay and Beatty, \{J. J.\} and \{Becker Tjus\}, J. and J. Beise and C. Bellenghi and C. Benning and S. BenZvi and D. Berley and E. Bernardini and Besson, \{D. Z.\} and E. Blaufuss and S. Blot and F. Bontempo and Book, \{J. Y.\} and \{Boscolo Meneguolo\}, C. and S. B{\"o}ser and O. Botner and J. B{\"o}ttcher and E. Bourbeau and J. Braun and B. Brinson and J. Brostean-Kaiser and Burley, \{R. T.\} and Busse, \{R. S.\} and D. Butterfield and Campana, \{M. A.\} and K. Carloni and Carnie-Bronca, \{E. G.\} and S. Chattopadhyay and J. Kiryluk",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.; 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023 ; Conference date: 26-07-2023 Through 03-08-2023",

year = "2024",

month = sep,

day = "27",

language = "English",

volume = "444",

journal = "Proceedings of Science",

issn = "1824-8039",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Detailed investigations of PMTs in optical sensors for neutrino telescopes such as IceCube Upgrade

AU - The IceCube Collaboration

AU - Abbasi, R.

AU - Achtermann, W.

AU - Ackermann, M.

AU - Adams, J.

AU - Agarwalla, S. K.

AU - Aguilar, J. A.

AU - Ahlers, M.

AU - Alameddine, J. M.

AU - Amin, N. M.

AU - Andeen, K.

AU - Anton, G.

AU - Argüelles, C.

AU - Ashida, Y.

AU - Athanasiadou, S.

AU - Axani, S. N.

AU - Bai, X.

AU - Balagopal, A. V.

AU - Baricevic, M.

AU - Barwick, S. W.

AU - Basu, V.

AU - Bay, R.

AU - Beatty, J. J.

AU - Becker Tjus, J.

AU - Beise, J.

AU - Bellenghi, C.

AU - Benning, C.

AU - BenZvi, S.

AU - Berley, D.

AU - Bernardini, E.

AU - Besson, D. Z.

AU - Blaufuss, E.

AU - Blot, S.

AU - Bontempo, F.

AU - Book, J. Y.

AU - Boscolo Meneguolo, C.

AU - Böser, S.

AU - Botner, O.

AU - Böttcher, J.

AU - Bourbeau, E.

AU - Braun, J.

AU - Brinson, B.

AU - Brostean-Kaiser, J.

AU - Burley, R. T.

AU - Busse, R. S.

AU - Butterfield, D.

AU - Campana, M. A.

AU - Carloni, K.

AU - Carnie-Bronca, E. G.

AU - Chattopadhyay, S.

AU - Kiryluk, J.

PY - 2024/9/27

Y1 - 2024/9/27

N2 - Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a central component of neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and KM3NeT, and an accurate understanding and measurement of their properties is indispensable for improvements of these experiments. In this contribution we focus on a detailed investigation of the photocathode and the dynode system and their influence on the performance of the PMT. Three methods are used for the investigation. Ellipsometry measurements of the photocathode analyze its optical properties in terms of absorption probability and refractive index. Scans of the photocathode in single photon illumination probe performance differences along the photocathode surface. Systematic deviations in the resulting amplifications are compared to electric field and electron tracing simulations through the dynode system to understand the measured values. The goal is an extensive understanding of efficiency, amplification, and timing as functions of wavelength and impact point as well as angle.

AB - Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a central component of neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and KM3NeT, and an accurate understanding and measurement of their properties is indispensable for improvements of these experiments. In this contribution we focus on a detailed investigation of the photocathode and the dynode system and their influence on the performance of the PMT. Three methods are used for the investigation. Ellipsometry measurements of the photocathode analyze its optical properties in terms of absorption probability and refractive index. Scans of the photocathode in single photon illumination probe performance differences along the photocathode surface. Systematic deviations in the resulting amplifications are compared to electric field and electron tracing simulations through the dynode system to understand the measured values. The goal is an extensive understanding of efficiency, amplification, and timing as functions of wavelength and impact point as well as angle.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85212248616

M3 - Conference article

AN - SCOPUS:85212248616

SN - 1824-8039

VL - 444

JO - Proceedings of Science

JF - Proceedings of Science

M1 - 984

T2 - 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

Y2 - 26 July 2023 through 3 August 2023

ER -

Detailed investigations of PMTs in optical sensors for neutrino telescopes such as IceCube Upgrade

Abstract

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