Enamel pearls: Their occurrence in recent human populations and earliest manifestation in the modern human lineage

Objective: To document and describe the occurrence of an enamel pearl on the distal root surface of the maxillary M3 of the fossil hominin specimen from Florisbad, South Africa that is dated to ca. 259,000 years B.P., and is an early representative of Homo sapiens or as a member of the evolutionary line that was directly ancestral to modern humans. Design: The molar was examined macroscopically and by micro-computed tomography (μCT) to enable accurate measurement and visualization of the structure of the enamel pearl. Results: The single pearl has a diameter of 0.97 mm; it is a Type 2 “composite” pearl comprising an enamel cap and dentine core without pulp chamber involvement. The size of the Florisbad pearl falls within or just below the size ranges of this anomaly in modern human samples. Type 2 pearls are most commonly encountered in recent human populations, and the location of the pearl on the distal root surface of the Florisbad M ³ is consistent with its most frequent location in recent humans. Pearls in recent human populations affect between 0.2–4.8% of individuals, and 1.7–6.8% of permanent molars. Pearls have been documented in several prehistoric human dentitions, and all examples are less than 4000 years old. Conclusions: Enamel pearls have been associated with periodontal disease, but it is not possible to relate its presence to the advanced periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss in the Florisbad fossil. Florisbad presents the earliest evidence of this anomaly in the fossil record pertaining to modern humans.