Evaluating the efficacy of fisheries management strategies in China for achieving multiple objectives under climate change

It is increasingly recognized that effective fisheries management needs to take into account not only the target species, but also the broader scope of biological, environmental, socio-economic and institutional factors pertaining to human utilization of fishery resources. This recognition has stimulated a global call for the Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM), with an increasing appreciation of its merits in the face of climate change. In this study, we applied the concept of EBFM to China's fisheries and tested the performance of various fisheries management strategies, including status quo management and alternative strategies with different objective priorities, under contrasting climate warming scenarios. We used the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) as an operating model, with an explicit consideration of trophic interactions, and specifically quantified the trade-offs across multiple metrics (i.e., sustainable fishery production, economic profitability, seafood security, and ecosystem health). No single strategy was superior across all the four dimensions. Importantly, the existing approach to fisheries management underperformed in most metrics, with the current fishing intensity exceeding the level that would maximize multispecies yields (f_MSY) and total profits (f_MEY). In contrast, an alternative harvest control rule (HCR) strategy, designed to respond to variations in biomass, provided inherent resilience of the ecosystem under climate warming, resulting in increased commercial fish biomass, improved profit and seafood supply, as well as enhanced ecosystem structure and function across various time-climate scenarios. From a tactic perspective, the multiple species management strategies of “f_MSY” and “f_MEY” can be better suited for the highly mixed fishery context in China. These alternatives also consistently demonstrated superior performance compared to the existing fisheries management strategy. Our work reveals potential trade-offs among diverse ecosystem services and provides a framework using EwE model for quantifying possible performance of management strategies under climate change, leading to more informed and transparent decision-making.