Extrasynaptic release of dopamine in a retinal neuron: Activity dependence and transmitter modulation

Extrasynaptic release of dopamine is well documented, but its relation to the physiological activity of the neuron is unclear. Here we show that in absence of presynaptic active zones, solitary cell bodies of retinal dopaminergic neurons release by exocytosis packets of ∼40,000 molecules of dopamine at irregular intervals and low frequency. The release is triggered by the action potentials that the neurons generate in a rhythmic fashion upon removal of all synaptic influences and therefore depends upon the electrical events at the neuronal surface. Furthermore, it is stimulated by kainate and abolished by GABA and quinpirole, an agonist at the D₂ dopamine receptor. Since the somatic receptors for these ligands are extrasynaptic, we suggest that the composition of the extracellular fluid directly modulates extrasynaptic release.