Foraging patterns of managed honeybees and wild bee species in an arid African environment: Ecology, biodiversity and competition

Investigations into the potential impacts of selectively managing Apis mellifera on pollination ecology were carried out in several sites in Tsavo National Park of southern Kenya, a typical arid African environment. Temperature alone contributed significantly to the foraging patterns of both managed honeybees and wild bee species within the acaciacommiphora community. Honeybees, vulnerable to heat stress, foraged earlier in the day than wild bee species. Foraging patterns of the latter ranged from oligolectic to broadly non-specialized. Floral biology and adaptations were also considered in the analysis of divergent foraging trends. Observations suggest that honeybees potentially out-compete highly specialized wild bee species for scarce seasonal floral resources. No evidence was found of direct interaction on abundant seasonal floral resources such as the mass synchronous flowering of Acacia spp. at current managed honeybee densities. Investigation of visitors revealed a high diversity of potential insect pollinators, particularly high in wild bee species (Apoidea) diversity. Suggestions for the improved management of honeybees in arid African environments include shading of hives, providing access to water with protection from predators, and cultivation of indigenous, nectariferous plants close to hive colonies.