Hemodynamic changes according to the CEAP classification

Chronic venous disease (CVD) affects nearly 40% (25% women, 15% men) of the USA population. Lipodermatosderosis and skin ulceration can be debilitating to patients, causing a great number of lost work days and high medical costs. Venous hypertension is the underlying etiology of CVD. This is most often due to venous reflux, but other factors such as venous outflow obstruction and calf muscle pump dysfunction have been implicated in its pathogenesis as well.