Higher- and lower-order factor analyses of the children's behavior questionnaire in early and middle childhood

The Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Hershey, 1994), a 195-item parentreport questionnaire, is one of the most widely used measures of child temperament, with previous analyses of its scales suggesting that 3 broad factors account for the overarching structure of child temperament (Rothbart, Ahadi, Hershey, & Fisher, 2001). However, there are no published item-level factor analyses of the CBQ, meaning that it is currently unclear whether items clearly load onto CBQ scales as proposed by its developers. Additionally, although the CBQ is intended to cover a broad window of development (i.e., ages 3-7), little is known about whether the structure of the CBQ differs depending on child age. The present study used a bottom-up approach to examine the lower- and higher-order structure of the CBQ in a large community sample of children at ages 3 (N = 944) and 5/6 (N = 853). Item-level exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) identified 88 items at age 3 and 87 items at age 5/6 suitable (i.e., with loadings ≥.40) for constructing lower-order factors. Of the lower-order factors derived at ages 3 and 5/6, fewer than half resembled original CBQ scales (Rothbart et al., 1994, 2001). Higher-order EFAs of the lower-order factors suggested that a 4-factor structure was the best fit at both ages 3 and 5/6. Thus, results indicate that a substantial number of CBQ items do not load well on a lower-order factor and that more than 3 factors are needed to account for its higher-order structure.