Higher Gauging and Non-invertible Condensation Defects

We discuss invertible and non-invertible topological condensation defects arising from gauging a discrete higher-form symmetry on a higher codimensional manifold in spacetime, which we define as higher gauging. A q-form symmetry is called p-gaugeable if it can be gauged on a codimension-p manifold in spacetime. We focus on 1-gaugeable 1-form symmetries in general 2+1d QFT, and gauge them on a surface in spacetime. The universal fusion rules of the resulting invertible and non-invertible condensation surfaces are determined. In the special case of 2+1d TQFT, every (invertible and non-invertible) 0-form global symmetry, including the Z₂ electromagnetic symmetry of the Z₂ gauge theory, is realized from higher gauging. We further compute the fusion rules between the surfaces, the bulk lines, and lines that only live on the surfaces, determining some of the most basic data for the underlying fusion 2-category. We emphasize that the fusion “coefficients” in these non-invertible fusion rules are generally not numbers, but rather 1+1d TQFTs. Finally, we discuss examples of non-invertible symmetries in non-topological 2+1d QFTs such as the free U(1) Maxwell theory and QED.