Insect melanism: The molecules matter

Insect melanism, especially in the peppered moth Biston betularia, has long been a textbook case of evolution in action. Hypotheses of the role of natural selection in maintaining melanic polymorphisms have implicated a wide range of explanations in various species, but to understand fully the ecology of melanism, we need to understand its molecular and developmental genetic basis. Because developmental genes often affect more than one trait, identifying the genes responsible for melanism is crucial for a thorough understanding of the fitnesses and selective responses of melanic alleles in nature. Molecular genetic information is also vital for elucidating the evolutionary history and possible mechanistic diversity of melanism among species. Recent studies of the developmental genetics of melanin pigmentation in Drosophila, and of the genetics of pigmentation differences among other insect species, have provided valuable insights into the underpinnings of this important source of polymorphism throughout the Insecta.