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Measurement of the shadowing of high-energy cosmic rays by the Moon: A search for TeV-energy antiprotons

  • P. Achard
  • , O. Adriani
  • , M. Aguilar-Benitez
  • , M. van den Akker
  • , J. Alcaraz
  • , G. Alemanni
  • , J. Allaby
  • , A. Aloisio
  • , M. G. Alviggi
  • , H. Anderhub
  • , V. P. Andreev
  • , F. Anselmo
  • , A. Arefiev
  • , T. Azemoon
  • , T. Aziz
  • , P. Bagnaia
  • , A. Bajo
  • , G. Baksay
  • , L. Baksay
  • , J. Bähr
  • S. V. Baldew, S. Banerjee, Sw Banerjee, A. Barczyk, R. Barillère, P. Bartalini, M. Basile, N. Batalova, R. Battiston, A. Bay, F. Becattini, U. Becker, F. Behner, L. Bellucci, R. Berbeco, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, B. L. Betev, M. Biasini, M. Biglietti, A. Biland, J. J. Blaising, S. C. Blyth, G. J. Bobbink, A. Böhm, L. Boldizsar, B. Borgia, S. Bottai, D. Bourilkov, M. Bourquin, S. Braccini, J. G. Branson, F. Brochu, J. D. Burger, W. J. Burger, X. D. Cai, M. Capell, G. Cara Romeo, G. Carlino, A. Cartacci, J. Casaus, F. Cavallari, N. Cavallo, C. Cecchi, M. Cerrada, M. Chamizo, T. Chiarusi, Y. H. Chang, M. Chemarin, A. Chen, G. Chen, G. M. Chen, H. F. Chen, H. S. Chen, G. Chiefari, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, I. Clare, R. Clare, G. Coignet, N. Colino, S. Costantini, B. de la Cruz, S. Cucciarelli, R. de Asmundis, P. Déglon, J. Debreczeni, A. Degré, K. Dehmelt, K. Deiters, D. della Volpe, E. Delmeire, P. Denes, F. DeNotaristefani, A. De Salvo, M. Diemoz, M. Dierckxsens, L. K. Ding, C. Dionisi, M. Dittmar, A. Doria, M. T. Dova, D. Duchesneau, M. Duda, I. Duran, B. Echenard, A. Eline, A. El Hage, M. El Mamouni, A. Engler, F. J. Eppling, P. Extermann, G. Faber, M. A. Falagan, S. Falciano, A. Favara, J. Fay, O. Fedin, M. Felcini, T. Ferguson, H. Fesefeldt, E. Fiandrini, J. H. Field, F. Filthaut, P. H. Fisher, W. Fisher, I. Fisk, G. Forconi, K. Freudenreich, C. Furetta, Yu Galaktionov, S. N. Ganguli, P. Garcia-Abia, M. Gataullin, S. Gentile, S. Giagu, Z. F. Gong, H. J. Grabosch, G. Grenier, O. Grimm, H. Groenstege, M. W. Gruenewald, M. Guida, Y. N. Guo, V. K. Gupta, A. Gurtu, L. J. Gutay, D. Haas, Ch Haller, D. Hatzifotiadou, Y. Hayashi, Z. X. He, T. Hebbeker, A. Hervé, J. Hirschfelder, H. Hofer, H. Hofer, M. Hohlmann, G. Holzner, S. R. Hou, A. X. Huo, N. Ito, B. N. Jin, P. Jindal, C. L. Jing, L. W. Jones, P. de Jong, I. Josa-Mutuberrı´a, V. Kantserov, M. Kaur, S. Kawakami, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, J. K. Kim, J. Kirkby, W. Kittel, A. Klimentov, A. C. König, E. Kok, A. Korn, M. Kopal, V. Koutsenko, M. Kräber, H. H. Kuang, R. W. Kraemer, A. Krüger, J. Kuijpers, A. Kunin, P. Ladron de Guevara, I. Laktineh, G. Landi, M. Lebeau, A. Lebedev, P. Lebrun, P. Lecomte, P. Lecoq, P. Le Coultre, J. M. Le Goff, Y. Lei, H. Leich, R. Leiste, M. Levtchenko, P. Levtchenko, C. Li, L. Li, Z. C. Li, S. Likhoded, C. H. Lin, W. T. Lin, F. L. Linde, L. Lista, Z. A. Liu, W. Lohmann, E. Longo, Y. S. Lu, C. Luci, L. Luminari, W. Lustermann, W. G. Ma, X. H. Ma, Y. Q. Ma, L. Malgeri, A. Malinin, C. Man˜a, J. Mans, J. P. Martin, F. Marzano, K. Mazumdar, R. R. McNeil, S. Mele, X. W. Meng, L. Merola, M. Meschini, W. J. Metzger, A. Mihul, A. van Mil, H. Milcent, G. Mirabelli, J. Mnich, G. B. Mohanty, B. Monteleoni, G. S. Muanza, A. J.M. Muijs, B. Musicar, M. Musy, S. Nagy, R. Nahnhauer, V. A. Naumov, S. Natale, M. Napolitano, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, H. Newman, M. Nisati, T. Novak, H. Nowak, R. Ofierzynski, G. Organtini, I. Pal, C. Palomares, P. Paolucci, R. Paramatti, J. F. Parriaud, G. Passaleva, S. Patricelli, T. Paul, M. Pauluzzi, C. Paus, F. Pauss, M. Pedace, S. Pensotti, D. Perret-Gallix, B. Petersen, D. Piccolo, F. Pierella, M. Pieri, M. Pioppi, P. A. Piroué, E. Pistolesi, V. Plyaskin, M. Pohl, V. Pojidaev, J. Pothier, D. Prokofiev, J. Quartieri, C. R. Qing, G. Rahal-Callot, M. A. Rahaman, P. Raics, N. Raja, R. Ramelli, P. G. Rancoita, R. Ranieri, A. Raspereza, K. C. Ravindran, P. Razis, D. Ren, M. Rescigno, S. Reucroft, P. Rewiersma, S. Riemann, K. Riles, B. P. Roe, A. Rojkov, L. Romero, A. Rosca, C. Rosemann, S. Rosier-Lees, C. Rosenbleck, S. Roth, J. A. Rubio, G. Ruggiero, H. Rykaczewski, R. Saidi, A. Sakharov, S. Saremi, S. Sarkar, J. Salicio, E. Sanchez, C. Schäfer, V. Schegelsky, V. Schmitt, B. Schoeneich, H. Schopper, D. J. Schotanus, C. Sciacca, L. Servoli, C. Q. Shen, S. Shevchenko, N. Shivarov, V. Shoutko, E. Shumilov, A. Shvorob, D. Son, C. Souga, P. Spillantini, M. Steuer, D. P. Stickland, B. Stoyanov, A. Straessner, K. Sudhakar, H. Sulanke, G. Sultanov, L. Z. Sun, S. Sushkov, H. Suter, J. D. Swain, Z. Szillasi, X. W. Tang, P. Tarjan, L. Tauscher, L. Taylor, B. Tellili, D. Teyssier, C. Timmermans, Samuel C.C. Ting, S. M. Ting, S. C. Tonwar, J. Tóth, G. Trowitzsch, C. Tully, K. L. Tung, J. Ulbricht, M. Unger, E. Valente, H. Verkooijen, R. T. Van de Walle, R. Vasquez, V. Veszpremi, G. Vesztergombi, I. Vetlitsky, D. Vicinanza, G. Viertel, S. Villa, M. Vivargent, S. Vlachos, I. Vodopianov, H. Vogel, H. Vogt, I. Vorobiev, A. A. Vorobyov, M. Wadhwa, R. G. Wang, Q. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. W. Wang, Z. M. Wang, M. Weber, R. van Wijk, T. A.M. Wijnen, H. Wilkens, S. Wynhoff, L. Xia, Y. P. Xu, J. S. Xu, Z. Z. Xu, J. Yamamoto, B. Z. Yang, C. G. Yang, H. J. Yang, M. Yang, X. F. Yang, Z. G. Yao, S. C. Yeh, Z. Q. Yu, An Zalite, Yu Zalite, C. Zhang, F. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, Z. P. Zhang, J. Zhao, S. J. Zhou, G. Y. Zhu, R. Y. Zhu, Q. Q. Zhu, H. L. Zhuang, A. Zichichi, B. Zimmermann, M. Zöller, A. N.M. Zwart
  • University of Geneva
  • University of Florence
  • CIEMAT
  • Radboud University Nijmegen
  • University of Lausanne
  • CERN
  • University of Naples Federico II
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
  • Louisiana State University
  • Nuclear Physics Institute
  • University of Bologna
  • Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
  • University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
  • University of Rome La Sapienza
  • Florida Institute of Technology
  • German Electron Synchrotron
  • University of Amsterdam
  • IN2P3-CNRS
  • Paul Scherrer Institute
  • Purdue University
  • University of Perugia
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Carnegie Mellon University
  • RWTH Aachen University
  • Wigner Research Centre for Physics
  • University of California at San Diego
  • University of Basilicata
  • National Central University
  • Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1
  • CAS - Institute of High Energy Physics
  • China University of Science and Technology
  • National Institute for Nuclear Physics
  • University of California at Riverside
  • Princeton University
  • Northeastern University
  • University of Santiago de Compostela
  • California Institute of Technology
  • University College Dublin
  • University of Basel
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Osaka Metropolitan University
  • Panjab University
  • Kyungpook National University
  • Institute of Atomic Physics and University of Bucharest
  • Institute for Nuclear Research
  • University of Cyprus
  • Humboldt University of Berlin
  • University of Hamburg
  • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
  • National Tsing Hua University
  • ICSC - World Laboratory

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

39 Scopus citations

Abstract

The shadowing of high-energy cosmic rays by the Moon has been observed with a significance of 9.4 standard deviations with the L3 + C muon spectrometer at CERN. A significant effect of the Earth magnetic field is observed. Since no event deficit on the east side of the Moon has been observed, an upper limit at 90% confidence level on the antiproton to proton ratio of 0.11 is obtained for primary energies around 1 TeV.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)411-434
Number of pages24
JournalAstroparticle Physics
Volume23
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2005

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