NATIONAL IDENTITY, PATRIOTISM, AND NATIONALISM

Citizens form strong psychological attachments to the nation-state, which has proven to be a robust and enduring political entity. But citizens relate to a nation in different ways. This chapter reviews the many ways in which national attachments have been theorized and measured, drawing a sharp distinction between nationalism and patriotism. Nationalism or national chauvinism holds potentially negative normative consequences and can undercut national unity by creating internal divisions and stoking suspicion of outsiders. In contrast, patriotism fosters national solidarity, promotes trust among co-nationals, and enhances civic engagement. The chapter reviews the theoretical underpinnings, specific measurement, and political effects of both nationalism and patriotism. It also includes a discussion of the conditions under which nationalism is activated by political parties and leaders.