Operations of Microgrids with Meshed Topology Under Uncertainty

To efficiently operate microgrids with renewable generation, a stochastic modeling through Markov chains is adopted. To prevent fast degradation of expensive equipment due to high fluctuations of voltages, tap changes are penalized. To recover frequency and voltages to nominal values upon the disconnection of microgrids from the main grid, droop controls are used. To avoid approximations leading to errors, an exact AC power flow in rectangular coordinates suitable for meshed topologies is adopted.