Ordinary state-based peridynamic modelling of crack propagation in functionally graded materials with micro cracks under impact loading

Crack propagation in functionally graded materials containing micro cracks is investigated using ordinary state-based Peridynamic theory. This study focuses on the dynamic fracture behavior of FGMs adapted to the Kalthoff–Winkler experiment. The results demonstrate that as cracks propagate from regions with lower material properties to regions with higher properties and increasing Poisson’s ratio, crack velocities decrease while toughness increases. Furthermore, the direction of crack propagation tends to align with weaker regions as the material properties transition from a zone of low stiffness and low Poisson’s ratio to a zone of high stiffness and high Poisson’s ratio.