Peri-implantitis: effects of periodontitis and its risk factors—a narrative review

Background and Objective: Replacement of missing teeth using implant-supported restorations is a predictable therapeutic modality with reported dental implant success rates of greater than 90–95%: however, implant failures and peri-implantitis still occur. There is a myriad of causes for immediate, early, and late dental implant failures, including the development of peri-implant diseases. This manuscript aimed to describe and discuss the causative factors and risk factors associated with dental implant failures and periimplantitis, with an emphasis on the relationship of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Methods: Narrative overview of the current evidence on risk factors and contributing factors of periimplant disease, and the association between periodontitis and peri-implant disease retrieved from searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases from 1983 to 2021. Articles selected include narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials published in English. Key Content and Findings: The current evidence obtained from through literature search incadetes that the incidence of peri-implantitis is increasing and its severity has similar risk factors to periodontitis including, but not limited to, adverse changes within the oral biofilm, uncontrolled Type-2 diabetes, and an unexplained genetic predisposition. Conclusions: Peri-implant diseases have a complex etiology and pathogenesis which parallels periodontitis. Both have mutual risk factors/indicators including a dysbiosis of the biofilm, poor compliance with maintenance, enhanced inflammatory responses, smoking and diabetes. However, peri-implant diseases have other unique risk factors, including role of residual cement, peri-implant hard and/or soft tissue deficiencies, prosthetic designs, and potential for novel microbial pathogens.