Phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) inhibits the growth of human lung cancer xenografts in mice: Enhanced efficacy and mitochondria targeting by its formulation in solid lipid nanoparticles

Purpose: To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated phospho-sulindac (SLN-PS) in human lung cancer. Methods: PS was incorporated into SLNs using the emulsion evaporation technique. We determined the antitumor activity of SLN-PS in cultured lung cancer cells. The performance of SLN-PS was further evaluated by pharmacokinetic studies in mice and in a model of human lung cancer xenografts in nude mice. Results: SLN-PS was >4-fold more potent than PS in inhibiting the growth of A549 and H510 cells in vitro. SLN-PS enhanced cellular uptake and facilitated PS accumulation in mitochondria, leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis via the mitochondrial-apoptosis pathway. SLN-PS was highly effective in suppressing the growth of A549 xenografts (78% inhibition compared to control, p∈<∈0.01); while PS had no significant effect. Formulation of PS in SLNs resulted in improved pharmacokinetics in mice and an enhanced (∼14-fold) accumulation of PS and its metabolites in A549 xenografts. Finally, SLN-PS enhanced urinary F2-isoprostane uniquely in mice bearing A549 xenografts compared to untreated controls, suggesting that SLN-PS specifically induced oxidative stress in tumors. Conclusions: Our results show that SLN-PS is efficacious in suppressing the growth of lung cancer and merits further evaluation.