Potential Impact of Multiple Climate Factors on the High Temperatures Over Eurasian Continent in Summer 2022

The Eurasian continent, specifically Europe, West Asia, East Asia, and the Russian Far East, experienced anomalously high temperatures during the summer of 2022. The physical drivers of this unusually warm summer are investigated using the dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of summer 2-m air temperature over Eurasia for the period 1960–2022. The results indicate that the exceptionally warm conditions were primarily linked to three climatic modes. The first mode, explaining 36.8% of the total variance, represents a background warming trend favouring elevated temperatures. The second mode, accounting for 12.3% of the variance, is closely related to the interannual variability of La Niña conditions and a pronounced sea surface temperature gradient in the North Atlantic. These factors trigger mid–high-latitude wave trains and modulate the Hadley and Walker circulations, collectively fostering persistent anticyclonic anomalies. The third mode, explaining 11.1% of the variance, corresponds to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which triggers a circumglobal teleconnection pattern that guides wave energy to modulate Eurasian circulation. Diagnoses based on Rossby wave source analysis and wave activity flux further support the dynamical roles of these modes.