Primary Batteries - Nonaqueous Systems | Lithium-Vanadium/Silver Oxides

This article contains an overview of primary lithium/vanadium oxide battery technology, and the chemistry of some of the relevant vanadium oxides, especially a family of materials containing vanadium, oxygen, and silver in various stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric ratios. First, the structural characteristics of the relevant vanadium oxide materials are described, including some phase diagrams of the materials. Next, electrochemistry and battery applications of these materials are discussed. Although some vanadium oxides have been widely studied as electrode materials for secondary (rechargeable batteries), only primary (nonrechargeable) battery applications will be considered here. Finally, various synthetic routes to electrochemical grade silver vanadium oxide are summarized, including both older methods and more recent synthetic innovations as well as battery performance results.