Simple linear-time algorithms for minimal fixed points

We present global and local algorithms for evaluating minimal fixed points of dependency graphs, a general problem in fixed-point computation and model checking. Our algorithms run in linear-time, matching the complexity of the best existing algorithms for similar problems, and are simple to understand. The main novelty of our global algorithm is that it does not use the counter and "reverse list" data structures commonly found in existing linear-time global algorithms. This distinction plays an essential role in allowing us to easily derive our local algorithm from our global one. Our local algorithm is distinguished from existing linear-time local algorithms by a combination of its simplicity and suitability for direct implementation. We also provide linear-time reductions from the problems of computing minimal and maximal fixed points in Boolean graphs to the problem of minimal fixed-point evaluation in dependency graphs. This establishes dependency graphs as a suitable framework in which to express and compute alternation-free fixed points. Finally, we relate HORNSAT, the problem of Horn formula satisfiability, to the problem of minimal fixed-point evaluation in dependency graphs. In particular, we present straightforward, linear-time reductions between these problems for both directions of reducibility. As a result, we derive a linear-time local algorithm for HORNSAT, the first of its kind as far as we are aware.