Structural requirements of taxoids for nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages

Taxol (paclitaxel), a microtubule stabilizer with antitumor activity, mimics the actions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on murine macrophages (Mφ). In the present study, a variety of synthetic analogs of paclitaxel were examined for their potencies to induce nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by peritoneal Mφ from LPS-responsive C3H/HeN, and LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice, and by Mφ-like LPS-responsive J774.1 and its mutant LPS-hyporesponsive J7.DEF3 cells. In this structure-activity relationship study, we found that (i) the benzoyl group at the C-3' position of paclitaxel is the most important site to activate C3H/HeN Mφ; (ii) the phenyl group at C-3' is not a requisite for the activity; (iii) there is good correlation between NO and TNF production by the Mφ in response to compounds, except for the analogs having a tert-butoxycarbonyl (10-acetyldocetaxel) or a thiophene-2-carbonyl group at C-3'-N instead of a benzoyl group, which is more dominant in TNF than in NO production; (iv) the compounds tested induce neither NO nor TNF production by C3H/HeJ Mφ; (v) active compounds to C3H/ He Mφ induce TNF production by J7.DEF3 cells as well as J774.1 cells; and (vi) there is no correlation between the NO/TNF inducibility to C3H/HeN Mφ and growth inhibitory activity against Mφ-like J774.1 and J7.DEF3 cells. These data also suggest that the binding of taxoid/LPS to tubulin is not essential for the Mφ.