Sub-Ångstrom resolution enzyme X-ray structures: Is seeing believing?

Recent technical advances in crystallographic analysis, particularly highly focused and high brilliance synchrotron beam lines, have significantly improved the resolutions that are attainable for many macromolecular crystal structures. The Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/) contains an increasing number of atomic resolution structures, which are providing a wealth of structural information that was not previously visible in lower resolution electron density maps. Here, we review the importance of visualizing hydrogen atoms and multiple sidechain conformations or anisotropy, as well as substrate strain, at sub-Ångstrom resolution. The additional structural features that are visible in the electron density maps as a result of atomic resolution data provide a better understanding of the catalytic mechanisms of cholesterol oxidase, ribonuclease A, β-lactamase, serine proteases, triosephosphate isomerase and endoglucanase.