Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration; The Virgo Collaboration; The KAGRA Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration
, The Virgo Collaboration
, The KAGRA Collaboration

Applied Mathematics and Statistics

Pennsylvania State University
University of Alabama
University of Toronto
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
National Institute for Astrophysics
Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
Italian Space Agency
Osservatorio Astronomico Roma
University of Messina
University of Leicester
Clemson University
University College London
Los Alamos National Laboratory
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
California Institute of Technology
Institute of Science Tokyo
National Science Foundation
University of Salerno
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of Warwick
Monash University
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Louisiana State University
Australian National University
Leibniz University Hannover
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics India
University of Cambridge
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
Stanford University
Cardiff University
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
University of Turin
University of Glasgow
University of Western Australia

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10⁻³ Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

Original language	English
Article number	207
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	980
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749
State	Published - Feb 20 2025

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10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

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@article{e805d7b357c747a58d009cf3de921ee4,

title = "Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO{\textendash}Virgo{\textendash}KAGRA Observing Run",

abstract = "We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO{\textendash}Virgo{\textendash}KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15{\textendash}350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW{\textendash}BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.",

author = "\{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration\} and \{The Virgo Collaboration\} and \{The KAGRA Collaboration\} and Gayathri Raman and Samuele Ronchini and James Delaunay and Aaron Tohuvavohu and Kennea, \{Jamie A.\} and Tyler Parsotan and Elena Ambrosi and Bernardini, \{Maria Grazia\} and Sergio Campana and Giancarlo Cusumano and Antonino D{\textquoteright}A{\`i} and Paolo D{\textquoteright}Avanzo and Valerio D{\textquoteright}Elia and \{De Pasquale\}, Massimiliano and Simone Dichiara and Phil Evans and Dieter Hartmann and Paul Kuin and Andrea Melandri and Paul O{\textquoteright}Brien and Osborne, \{Julian P.\} and Kim Page and Palmer, \{David M.\} and Boris Sbarufatti and Gianpiero Tagliaferri and Eleonora Troja and Abac, \{A. G.\} and R. Abbott and H. Abe and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and C. Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, \{R. X.\} and Adkins, \{V. K.\} and Adya, \{V. B.\} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Aguiar, \{O. D.\} and I. Aguilar and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and S. Albanesi and Alfaidi, \{R. A.\} and A. Al-Jodah and C. Markakis",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

day = "20",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749",

language = "English",

volume = "980",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

number = "2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

AU - The LIGO Scientific Collaboration

AU - The Virgo Collaboration

AU - The KAGRA Collaboration

AU - Raman, Gayathri

AU - Ronchini, Samuele

AU - Delaunay, James

AU - Tohuvavohu, Aaron

AU - Kennea, Jamie A.

AU - Parsotan, Tyler

AU - Ambrosi, Elena

AU - Bernardini, Maria Grazia

AU - Campana, Sergio

AU - Cusumano, Giancarlo

AU - D’Aì, Antonino

AU - D’Avanzo, Paolo

AU - D’Elia, Valerio

AU - De Pasquale, Massimiliano

AU - Dichiara, Simone

AU - Evans, Phil

AU - Hartmann, Dieter

AU - Kuin, Paul

AU - Melandri, Andrea

AU - O’Brien, Paul

AU - Osborne, Julian P.

AU - Page, Kim

AU - Palmer, David M.

AU - Sbarufatti, Boris

AU - Tagliaferri, Gianpiero

AU - Troja, Eleonora

AU - Abac, A. G.

AU - Abbott, R.

AU - Abe, H.

AU - Abouelfettouh, I.

AU - Acernese, F.

AU - Ackley, K.

AU - Adamcewicz, C.

AU - Adhicary, S.

AU - Adhikari, N.

AU - Adhikari, R. X.

AU - Adkins, V. K.

AU - Adya, V. B.

AU - Affeldt, C.

AU - Agarwal, D.

AU - Agathos, M.

AU - Aguiar, O. D.

AU - Aguilar, I.

AU - Aiello, L.

AU - Ain, A.

AU - Akutsu, T.

AU - Albanesi, S.

AU - Alfaidi, R. A.

AU - Al-Jodah, A.

AU - Markakis, C.

PY - 2025/2/20

Y1 - 2025/2/20

N2 - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

AB - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219630308

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85219630308

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 980

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 207

ER -

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

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