Temporal mindsets and self-regulation: The motivation and implementation of self-regulatory behaviors

Self-regulation requires connecting desired goals (benefits sought) with means of attainment (implementation plans). Individual differences in the consideration of future consequences (CFC) can influence self-regulation. Although a high- (low-) CFC orientation has generally been considered a preoccupation with future (present) events and needs, we argue that a complete characterization also includes the ability (less ability) to construct specific action plans. With a mix of lab and field studies, we demonstrate that either general implementation recommendations or distant benefits trigger planning and motivate self-regulation for high-CFC individuals. Specific implementation recommendations coupled with proximate benefits help low-CFC individuals plan and self-regulate. In Study 1, we measure CFC and vary the temporal location of benefits and specificity of implementation recommendations to motivate exercising and show that self-generated specific plans mediate self-regulatory intentions. In Study 2, we assess actual self-regulatory behaviors for participants in a walking program. This research has theoretical implications for the temporal construal and planning literatures and practical implications for increasing self-regulation among individuals who do not consider the long-term consequences of their current actions.