The anti-proliferative effect of sulindac and sulindac sulfide on HT-29 colon cancer cells: Alterations in tumor suppressor and cell cycle-regulatory proteins

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs lower the incidence of and mortality from colon cancer. Sulindac reduces the number and size of polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. We have shown that sulindac and sulindac sulfide reversibly reduce the proliferation rate of HT-29 colon cancer cells, alter their morphology, induce them to accumulate in the G₀/ G₁ phase of the cell cycle, and sulindac sulfide induces cell death by apoptosis. In this study we confirmed that sulindac and sulindac sulfide prevent HT-29 cells from progressing from the G₀/G₁ into the S phase. This block in cell cycle progression is associated with an initial rise, then an abrupt decrease in the levels of p34(cdc2) protein. Sulindac and sulindac sulfide decrease the levels of mitotic cyclins, induce the levels of p21(WAF-1/cip1), and reduce the total levels of pRB, with a relative increase in the amount of the underphosphorylated form of pRB in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, these compounds reduce the levels of mutant p53. These responses are not associated with intestinal cell differentiation and occur independent of the ability of these compounds to induce apoptosis. We conclude that sulindac and sulindac sulfide reduce the levels of major components of the molecular cell cycle machinery and alter the levels of several tumor suppressor proteins in a manner consistent with cell cycle quiescence. These mechanisms may be operative ill vivo to account, in part, for the anti-neoplastic effects of these compounds.