The Artificial Disc Nucleus and Other Strategies for Replacement of the Nucleus Pulposus: Past, Present and Future Designs for an Emerging Surgical Solution

Nucleus Pulposus (NP) Replacement is a developing surgical methodology for the treatment of pathology related to degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVDs). This article provides necessary context regarding the pathologies treated with this technology, the biomechanical structure and function of the IVD, and the procedures this technology aims to replace. Primarily, it provides an overview and discussion of commercial and experimental preformed and in situ curing prosthesis designs reported in the scientific literature and summarizes the results of biomechanical and clinical studies evaluating their efficacy. Contextual and updated information on the most recent research into NP replacement with novel hydrogel and tissue engineering (TE) strategies is described. Replacement of the NP allows for potential improvement in the treatment of degenerative spinal pathologies through minimally invasive surgical techniques.