The PACAP-type I receptor agonist maxadilan from sand fly saliva protects mice against lethal endotoxemia by a mechanism partially dependent on IL-10

Sand fly saliva contains maxadilan, a peptide that causes vasodilation and modifies the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. We show that 1 to 10 μg maxadilan protected BALB/c mice against a lethal dose of LPS. Maxadilan reduced serum levels of TNF-α by approximately tenfold, while it caused a threefold increase in IL-6 and IL-10. The protective effect of maxadilan is partially dependent on its ability to induce IL-10 production since maxadilan did not prevent death from endotoxic shock in IL-10(-/-) mice. Finally, maxadilan is a selective agonist of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor, and we found that the natural ligand of this receptor (PACAP 38) also protected mice against lethal endotoxemia. These results indicate that activation of the PACAP type 1 receptor may contribute to the control of systemic inflammation by a mechanism that is partially dependent on IL-10.