The Role of Shame in the Sexual-Orientation Disparity in Mental Health: A Prospective Population-Based Study of Multimodal Emotional Reactions to Stigma

Despite the prominence of shame in stigma theories, its role in explaining population-level mental-health disparities between the stigmatized and nonstigmatized has not been investigated. We assessed shame explicitly (via self-report) and implicitly (via a behavioral task) in a prospective, representative cohort of sexual-minority and heterosexual young adults in Sweden (baseline n = 2,222). Compared with heterosexuals, sexual minorities evidenced higher explicit and implicit shame, which explained sexual-orientation disparities in depression, social anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Among sexual minorities, there was an indirect effect of shame in the association between interpersonal stigma (i.e., past-year family rejection and childhood bullying) and later experiences of adverse mental health; an indirect effect did not exist for the related construct, internalized stigma. Results suggest extending existing stigma theories to consider emotions such as shame as characteristic reactions to stigma and guide the search for treatment targets focused on reducing the mental-health sequelae of stigma.