The Round Complexity of Black-Box Post-quantum Secure Computation

We study the round-complexity of secure multi-party computation (MPC) in the post-quantum regime where honest parties and communication channels are classical but the adversary can be a quantum machine. Our focus is on the fully black-box setting where both the construction as well as the security reduction are black-box in nature. In this context, Chia, Chung, Liu, and Yamakawa [FOCS’22] demonstrated the infeasibility of achieving standard simulation-based security within constant rounds, unless NP⊆BQP. This outcome leaves crucial feasibility questions unresolved. Specifically, it remains unknown whether black-box constructions are achievable within polynomial rounds; additionally, the existence of constant-round constructions with respect to ε-simulation, a relaxed yet useful alternative to the standard simulation notion, remains unestablished. This work provides positive answers to the aforementioned questions. We introduce the first black-box construction for post-quantum MPC in polynomial rounds, from the minimal assumption of post-quantum semi-honest oblivious transfers. In the two-party scenario, our construction requires only ω(1) rounds. These results have already found application in the oracle separation between classical-communication quantum MPC and P=NP in the recent work of Kretschmer, Qian, and Tal [STOC’25]. As for ε-simulation, Chia, Chung, Liang, and Yamakawa [CRYPTO’22] resolved the issue for the two-party setting, leaving the general multi-party setting as an open question. We complete the picture by presenting the first black-box and constant-round construction in the multi-party setting. Our construction can be instantiated using various standard post-quantum primitives including lossy public-key encryption, linearly homomorphic public-key encryption, or dense cryptosystems. En route, we obtain a black-box and constant-round post-quantum commitment that achieves a weaker version of the standard 1-many non-malleability, from the minimal assumption of post-quantum one-way functions. Besides its utility in our post-quantum MPC construction, this commitment scheme also reduces the assumption used in the lower bound of quantum parallel repetition recently established by Bostanci, Qian, Spooner, and Yuen [STOC’24]. We anticipate that it will find more applications in the future.