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The Super-Kamiokande detector

  • S. Fukuda
  • , Y. Fukuda
  • , T. Hayakawa
  • , E. Ichihara
  • , M. Ishitsuka
  • , Y. Itow
  • , T. Kajita
  • , J. Kameda
  • , K. Kaneyuki
  • , S. Kasuga
  • , K. Kobayashi
  • , Y. Kobayashi
  • , Y. Koshio
  • , M. Miura
  • , S. Moriyama
  • , M. Nakahata
  • , S. Nakayama
  • , T. Namba
  • , Y. Obayashi
  • , A. Okada
  • M. Oketa, K. Okumura, T. Oyabu, N. Sakurai, M. Shiozawa, Y. Suzuki, Y. Takeuchi, T. Toshito, Y. Totsuka, S. Yamada, S. Desai, M. Earl, J. T. Hong, E. Kearns, M. Masuzawa, M. D. Messier, J. L. Stone, L. R. Sulak, C. W. Walter, W. Wang, K. Scholberg, T. Barszczak, D. Casper, D. W. Liu, W. Gajewski, P. G. Halverson, J. Hsu, W. R. Kropp, S. Mine, L. R. Price, F. Reines, M. Smy, H. W. Sobel, M. R. Vagins, K. S. Ganezer, W. E. Keig, R. W. Ellsworth, S. Tasaka, J. W. Flanagan, A. Kibayashi, J. G. Learned, S. Matsuno, V. J. Stenger, Y. Hayato, T. Ishii, A. Ichikawa, J. Kanzaki, T. Kobayashi, T. Maruyama, K. Nakamura, Y. Oyama, A. Sakai, M. Sakuda, O. Sasaki, S. Echigo, T. Iwashita, M. Kohama, A. T. Suzuki, M. Hasegawa, T. Inagaki, I. Kato, H. Maesaka, T. Nakaya, K. Nishikawa, S. Yamamoto, T. J. Haines, B. K. Kim, R. Sanford, R. Svoboda, E. Blaufuss, M. L. Chen, Z. Conner, J. A. Goodman, E. Guillian, G. W. Sullivan, D. Turcan, A. Habig, M. Ackerman, F. Goebel, J. Hill, C. K. Jung, T. Kato, D. Kerr, M. Malek, K. Martens, C. Mauger, C. McGrew, E. Sharkey, B. Viren, C. Yanagisawa, W. Doki, S. Inaba, K. Ito, M. Kirisawa, M. Kitaguchi, C. Mitsuda, K. Miyano, C. Saji, M. Takahata, M. Takahashi, K. Higuchi, Y. Kajiyama, A. Kusano, Y. Nagashima, K. Nitta, M. Takita, T. Yamaguchi, M. Yoshida, H. I. Kim, S. B. Kim, J. Yoo, H. Okazawa, M. Etoh, K. Fujita, Y. Gando, A. Hasegawa, T. Hasegawa, S. Hatakeyama, K. Inoue, K. Ishihara, T. Iwamoto, M. Koga, I. Nishiyama, H. Ogawa, J. Shirai, A. Suzuki, T. Takayama, F. Tsushima, M. Koshiba, Y. Ichikawa, T. Hashimoto, Y. Hatakeyama, M. Koike, T. Horiuchi, M. Nemoto, K. Nishijima, H. Takeda, H. Fujiyasu, T. Futagami, H. Ishino, Y. Kanaya, M. Morii, H. Nishihama, H. Nishimura, T. Suzuki, Y. Watanabe, D. Kielczewska, U. Golebiewska, H. G. Berns, S. B. Boyd, R. A. Doyle, J. S. George, A. L. Stachyra, L. L. Wai, R. J. Wilkes, K. K. Young, H. Kobayashi
  • The University of Tokyo
  • Boston University
  • High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba
  • Indiana University Bloomington
  • High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • University of California at Irvine
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • California State University Dominguez Hills
  • George Mason University
  • Gifu University
  • University of Hawai'i at Mānoa
  • Institute of Science Tokyo
  • The University of Chicago
  • Kobe University
  • Kyoto University
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • Louisiana State University
  • University of Maryland, College Park
  • University of Minnesota Duluth
  • Stony Brook University
  • Brookhaven National Laboratory
  • Niigata University
  • The University of Osaka
  • Seoul National University
  • International and Cultural Studies
  • Tohoku University
  • Tokai University
  • University of Warsaw
  • University of Washington
  • University of Pittsburgh
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Stanford University

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

970 Scopus citations

Abstract

Super-Kamiokande is the world's largest water Cherenkov detector, with net mass 50,000 tons. During the period April, 1996 to July, 2001, Super-Kamiokande I collected 1678 live-days of data, observing neutrinos from the Sun, Earth's atmosphere, and the K2K long-baseline neutrino beam with high efficiency. These data provided crucial information for our current understanding of neutrino oscillations, as well as setting stringent limits on nucleon decay. In this paper, we describe the detector in detail, including its site, configuration, data acquisition equipment, online and offline software, and calibration systems which were used during Super-Kamiokande I.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)418-462
Number of pages45
JournalNuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
Volume501
Issue number2-3
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 1 2003

Keywords

  • Cosmic rays
  • K2K
  • Neutrinos
  • Super-Kamiokande
  • Water Cherenkov detector

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