Toxoplasma

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although it has long been recognized as a serious congenital disease, it is only with the advent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy that toxoplasmosis has reached epidemic proportionsHumans are incidental hosts in the life cycle of T. gondii. Acute infection occurs via ingestion of meats or beverages contaminated with tissue cysts or tachyzoites or by handling cats, the definitive host. Once the human host develops an adequate immune response, tissue cysts are formed and a chronic or latent infection ensues. Antibodies against T. gondii will be present in serum for life. When a chronically infected person becomes immunocompromised, particularly with defects in cell-mediated immunity, devastating reactivation of the latent infection may occur. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS Toxoplasmosis in the AIDS patient is most commonly manifested by toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), usually alone but sometimes as part of a multiorgan infection. Isolated organ involvement without central nervous system (CNS) disease is uncommon. In most cases, TE develops when the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100 mm3, although the risk of developing overt infection begins when CD4 counts fall below 200 mm3. The clinical manifestations of TE are protean, including signs and symptoms of focal or generalized neurologic dysfunction or more commonly both, depending on the number, size, and location of the lesions.