What Predicts Interdependence With Family? The Relative Contributions of Ethnicity/Race and Social Class

Objective: Interdependencewith family is considered a core element of collectivistic cultures, and it is routinely endorsed by people of ethnic/racial minority backgrounds in the United States. In contrast, a preference for independence from family is characteristic of individualistic cultures, and of European Americans, who are considered prototypical of cultural individualism. Scholars have also theorized that socioeconomic factors play a role in shaping these patterns. We hypothesized and tested the possibility of a more nuanced and interactive pattern. Drawing from long-standing research on U.S. ethnic–minority cultures and recent research on social class, we expected that lower income would be least associated with family interdependence in foreign-born Latino/aAmericans andmost strongly associatedwith higher family interdependence in European Americans. Method and Results: In a prospective community study of a diverse sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,466), income interacted with ethnic/racial group to predict interdependence with family. In line with our predictions, income was not associated with family interdependence for foreign-born Latino/a Americans or African Americans, but lower income was significantly associated with higher interdependence with family in European Americans and, to a lesser extent, in U.S.-born Latino/a Americans. Conclusions: These findings provide novel evidence for the relevance of both ethnicity/race and social class—two aspects of culture—for family interdependence. They highlight the centrality of interdependence with family among foreign-born Latino/a Americans while showing that European Americans, a group considered most representative of cultural individualism, can also highly value interdependence with family.