Z2 Spin Liquids in the Higher Spin- S Kitaev Honeycomb Model: An Exact Deconfined Z2 Gauge Structure in a Nonintegrable Model

The higher spin Kitaev model prominently features the extensive locally conserved quantities the same as the spin-1/2 Kitaev honeycomb model, although it is not exactly solvable. It remains an open question regarding the physical meaning of these conserved quantities in the higher spin model. In this Letter, by introducing a Majorana parton construction for a general spin-S we uncover that these conserved quantities are exactly the Z2 gauge fluxes in the general spin-S model, including the case of spin-1/2. Particularly, we find an even-odd effect that the Z2 gauge charges are fermions in the half integer spin model, but are bosons in the integer spin model. We further prove that the fermionic Z2 gauge charges are always deconfined; hence, the half integer spin Kitaev model would have nontrivial spin liquid ground states regardless of interaction strengths in the Hamiltonian. The bosonic Z2 gauge charges of the integer spin model, on the other hand, could condense, leading to a trivial product state, and this is indeed the case at the anisotropic limit of the model.